Análise das dimensões do contexto da Organização Mundial da Saúde num conselho municipal de saúde / Analysis of the context components proposed by the World Health Organization in a municipal health council / Análisis de las dimensiones del contexto de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en un consejo municipal de salud

Resumo Enquadramento: Estudos sobre a participação social apontam algumas limitações na arquitetura participativa, razão pela qual a Organização Mundial da Saúde desenhou um modelo que enfatiza as dimensões constitutivas para aproximar a sociedade civil e os governos. Objetivos: O estudo buscou identificar os elementos que influenciam a participação à luz das dimensões propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa e transversal, que foi realizado por meio de análise documental, observação não participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas nos anos de 2020 e 2021 com os conselheiros do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de uma cidade brasileira do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram observadas fragilidades nas arquiteturas institucionais do Conselho estudado, tais como o excesso de burocracia, falta de representatividade dos utilizadores, insegurança por parte dos conselheiros nos assuntos económico-financeiros relacionados à saúde do município. Conclusão: Conclui-se pela necessidade de fortalecimento da cultura participativa no Conselho Municipal de Saúde estudado, destacando-se a necessidade de divulgação das ações desenvolvidas e reformulação da lógica tecnoburocrática predominante neste ambiente.

Abstract Background: Studies on social participation point out some limitations in participatory architecture. For this reason, the World Health Organization designed a model with key components for bringing civil society and governments closer together. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the aspects that influence participation based on the components proposed by the World Health Organization. Methodology: This case study used a qualitative and cross-sectional approach. Data were collected through document analysis, non-participant observation, and semi-structured interviews in 2020 and 2021 with the municipal health council members of an inland city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: Weaknesses were observed in the council's institutional structure, such as excessive bureaucracy, lack of user representativeness, and council members' insecurity regarding the municipality's health-related economic-financial issues. Conclusion: There is a need to strengthen the culture of participation in this municipal health council, disseminate the activities developed, and reformulate the technical-bureaucratic dynamics that predominate in this environment.

Resumen Marco contextual: Los estudios sobre participación social señalan algunas limitaciones en la arquitectura participativa, por lo que la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha diseñado un modelo que hace hincapié en las dimensiones constitutivas para acercar a la sociedad civil y a los gobiernos. Objetivos: El estudio pretendía identificar los elementos que influyen en la participación en función de las dimensiones propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio de caso, con un enfoque cualitativo y transversal, que se llevó a cabo mediante el análisis documental, la observación no participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas en los años 2020 y 2021 con los consejeros del CMS de una ciudad brasileña del interior del estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Se observaron deficiencias en las arquitecturas institucionales del consejo estudiado, tales como la excesiva burocracia, la falta de representatividad de los usuarios, la inseguridad de los consejeros en los asuntos económicos y financieros relacionados con la salud del municipio. Conclusión: Se sugiere la necesidad de fortalecer la cultura participativa en el consejo municipal de salud estudiado, sobre todo la necesidad de difundir las acciones desarrolladas y reformular la lógica tecnoburocrática predominante en este entorno.

O Conselho Nacional de Saúde na pandemia de Covid-19: análise dos atos normativos e não normativos entre 2020 e 2022 / The National Health Council in the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the normative and non-normative acts between 2020 and 2022

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa normativa sobre o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19, no Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS), entre os meses de fevereiro de 2020 e maio de 2022. Tratou-se de estudo documental, descritivo-analítico com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram identificados 77 atos expedidos pelo colegiado do CNS, sendo 63 recomendações, 6 pareceres, 5 moções, 2 notas técnicas e 1 resolução, constatando-se que a maior parte dos documentos (59%) foi elaborada no primeiro ano da pandemia. A despeito da atuação do CNS no enfrentamento da Covid-19, destaca-se o uso de atos não vinculantes, concentrando-se a produção normativa do CNS em recomendações que têm caráter meramente orientadores.

ABSTRACT The present article presents the outcomes of the normative research on the combat against the COVID-19 pandemic at the National Health Council (Conselho Nacional de Saúde - CNS) from February 2020 to March 2022. This is a documental, descriptive-analytical study, with qualitative approach, using the technical analysis of content. Seventy-seven acts were issued by the CNS Collegiate, there included 63 recommendations, 6 opinions, 5 motions, 2 technical notes and 1 resolution. Most part of the documents (59%) were worked out during the first year of the pandemic. Despite the Council's performance when combating the COVID-19, non-binding acts may be highlighted, the CNS normative production concentrating in merely guidance recommendations.

Clinical Practice Guidelines in an Era of Accountability, Saudi Arabia: A Call for Action.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) development and implementation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are suboptimal. The Kingdom's Vision 2030 envisages a transformational change to achieve an effective, integrated, value-based ecosystem focused on patient health. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop a CPG appraisal tool that will support the realization of the Kingdom's Vision 2030 through the development of high-quality and highly implementable CPGs. To maximize its impact, all vital healthcare paradigms, such as systems thinking, value-based healthcare, and information technology, will robustly be incorporated in the tool. METHODS: The Saudi Health Council through its National Center of Evidence-Based Medicine (NCEBM) embarked on a program to develop this appraisal tool. A taskforce of experts was selected based on their experience in evidence-based practice and training. The task force, through a methodology of extensive literature review, deliberation, outside experts' feedback, and Delphi and consensus voting, developed a prototype appraisal tool that was named the Holistic Appraisal Tool for CPGs (HAT-CPG). RESULTS: The HAT-CPG was developed comprising three sections: an initial basic information section, an internal validity section, and an external validity section with a total of 13 section items and 73 reporting elements. CONCLUSION: It is envisaged that the Holistic Appraisal Tool will support CPG developers and users in Saudi Arabia in realizing the objectives for which it was developed.

Food insecurity in Dutch disadvantaged neighbourhoods: a socio-ecological approach.

Food insecurity is an important public health concern; however, research into this phenomenon within the Netherlands is limited. Food insecurity is not solely related to individual factors, but can also be influenced by various factors in the social and physical environment. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of food insecurity within the personal, social and physical environment, based on the social ecological model (SEM), and to identify their relative importance for experiencing food insecurity. The study population consisted of 307 participants living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods of the Dutch city The Hague, of which approximately one-quarter were food insecure. Participant characteristics showing bivariate associations P < 0⋅20 were placed in a predetermined level of the SEM, after which a multivariate logistic regression was performed for each level and the Nagelkerke pseudo R 2 was presented. Determinants of food insecurity were BMI, gross monthly income, highest educational attainment, smoking status, diet quality, employment status, marital status and religion (P < 0⋅05). The results showed that 29⋅7 % of the total variance in food insecurity status was explained by all included determinants together. The personal, social and physical environment explained 20⋅6, 14⋅0 and 2⋅4 % of the total variance, respectively. Our findings suggest that determinants within the personal environment are most important for explaining differences in experienced food insecurity. The present study contributes to furthering the knowledge about the relative importance of the personal, social and physical environment, indicating that determinants within the personal environment may be most promising for developing targeted interventions to reduce food insecurity.

Development of the Saudi Arabian trauma system.

A dedicated network-based trauma system ensures optimal care to injured patients. Considering the significant burden of trauma, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is striving to develop a nationwide trauma system. This article describes the recent design, development, and implementation of the Saudi Arabian trauma system in line with Vision 2030. The basis of our strategy was the find, organize, clarify, understand, select-plan, do, check, and act (FOCUS-PDCA) model, developed by engaging key stakeholders, including patients. More than 300 healthcare professionals and patients from around the Riyadh region assessed the current system with three solutions and roadmap workshops. Subsequently, the national clinical advisory group (CAG) for trauma was formed to develop the Saudi Arabian trauma system, and CAG members analyzed and collated internationally recognized trauma systems and guidelines. The guidelines' applicability in the kingdom was discussed and reviewed, and an interactive document was developed to support socialization and implementation. The CAG team members agreed on the guiding principles for the trauma pathway, identified the challenges, and finalized the new system design. They also developed a trauma care standard document to support and guide the rollout of new trauma networks across the kingdom. The CAG members and other stakeholders are at the forefront of implementing the trauma system across the Riyadh region. Recent trauma system development in Saudi Arabia is the first step in improving national trauma care and may guide development in other locations, regionally and internationally, to improve outcomes.

Conselho Estadual de Saúde CES/RJ -- Estrutura de funcionamento enquanto controle social, e a perspectiva quanto à participação dos representantes da gestão da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro SES/RJ / Functioning structure as social control, and the perspective regarding the participation of representatives of the manegement of the State Health Department of Rio de Janeiro SES/RJ

O Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CES/RJ) é um órgão colegiado integrante da estrutura da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (SES/RJ), com integrantes conselheiros divididos em usuários do SUS, representantes dos profissionais da saúde, e representantes da gestão da SES/RJ. Possui como funções precípuas participar da construção de políticas públicas de saúde, assim como fiscalizar e permitir que a população, representada pelo segmento usuários SUS, tenha sua fatia de participação, através do voto de seus representantes escolhidos e integrantes do Conselho, possuidores do direito à voto. O CES/RJ ainda acompanha e contribui para o fortalecimento dos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde. Nesse contexto, apresenta-se o objetivo deste trabalho: o de examinar o desempenho do controle social no CES/RJ. Para tanto, buscamos documentar o seu funcionamento interno desde a sua criação, destacando a organização dos trabalhos internos, os processos de nomeação de conselheiros para a composição de assentos em Comissões Gestoras, e os desdobramentos para o acompanhamento e construção da política de saúde. Entendendo que a literatura encontrada sobre as movimentações realizadas pelo controle social no âmbito da saúde tem um foco maior na representação dos usuários do sistema único de saúde e dos profissionais de saúde, o objetivo deste trabalho também é analisar a qualidade da representação da gestão do corpo técnico da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (SES/RJ) nos assentos do CES/RJ. O estudo teve como metodologia a análise das atas das reuniões plenárias do colegiado pleno do CES nos anos de 2013 e 2020, tomando como base a sistematização dos assuntos nos seguintes eixos: (i) desenvolvimento institucional; e (ii) aprendizado democrático. O produto esperado deste estudo é provocar reflexões e discussões sobre a linha de crescimento ascendente que as análises das atas demonstraram, no sentido de evidenciar um conselho que vem se desenhando através dos anos de forma mais bem organizado e mais presente dentro das questões que envolvem decisões fundamentais nas construções de políticas públicas de saúde dentro do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

The State Health Council of the State of Rio de Janeiro CES/RJ is a permanent, equal and deliberative collegiate body, with the functions of formulating strategies, controlling and supervising the execution of state health policies, including the economic and financial aspects, allowing system users to be members of the Council, with representation and voting rights. CES/RJ still monitors and contributes to the strengthening of Municipal Health Councils. The objective of this work is to examine the performance of social control in the State Health Council CES/RJ. To this end, we seek to document its internal functioning since its creation, highlighting the organization of internal work, the processes of appointing directors for the composition of seats in Management Committees, and the developments for the monitoring and construction of the health policy. Understanding that the literature found on the movements carried out by social control in the field of health has a greater focus on the representation of users of the unified health system and health professionals, the objective of this work is also to analyze the quality of the representation of management of the technical staff of SES/RJ in the seats of CES/RJ. The study's methodology was the analysis of the minutes of the plenary meetings of the CES full collegiate in the years 2013 and 2020, based on the systematization of the subjects the following axes: (i) institutional development; and (ii) democratic learning. The expected product of this study is to provoke reflections and discussions on the ascending growth line that the analysis of the minutes showed, in the sense of showing a council that has been drawing up over the years better organized and more present within the issues that involve fundamental decisions in the constructions of public health policies within the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Análise política da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Saúde na construção da política de saúde no Brasil no período de 2014-2017 / Análisis político de actuación del Consejo Nacional de Salud en la construcción de la política de salud en Brasil en el período de 2014/2017 / Political analysis of the National Health Council's performance in the construction of health policy in Brazil in the period 2014-2017

Objetivou-se analisar a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Saúde no núcleo do processo decisório da política de saúde entre 2014-2017. A análise foi baseada nos projetos políticos em disputa na arena política da saúde e nos projetos dos governos de Dilma e de Temer. Com a mudança no projeto de governo, o Conselho passou a atuar pela via judicial, além de pelas vias social e parlamentar, passando do alinhamento (crítico) à franca oposição, até sua neutralização com o boicote da participação do Conselho nas discussões de pautas da política de saúde nos anos 2016-2017. Embora não tenha tido poder suficiente para mudar a correlação de forças em torno do desmonte do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o Conselho figurou-se em um bloco político de resistência e de enfrentamento em defesa do SUS constitucional. (AU)

El objetivo fue el análisis de la actuación del Consejo Nacional de Salud en el núcleo del proceso de decisión de la política de salud entre 2014-2017. El análisis tuvo como base los proyectos políticos en disputa en la arena política de la salud y en los proyectos de los gobiernos Dilma y Temer. Con el cambio en el proyecto de gobierno, el Consejo pasó a actuar, además de en las vías social y parlamentaria, en la vía judicial, pasando del alineamiento (crítico) a la franca oposición, hasta su neutralización, con el boicot de la participación del Consejo en las discusiones de pautas de la política de salud en los años 2016-2017. Aunque no haya tenido poder suficiente para cambiar la correlación de fuerzas alrededor del desmontaje del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS), el Consejo se configuró como un bloque político de resistencia y de enfrentamiento, en defensa del SUS constitucional. (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the role of the National Health Council in the core of the decision-making process of health policy in the period 2014-2017. The analysis was based on the political disputed projects in the health policy sphere and on the government projects of former Presidents Dilma Rousseff and Michel Temer. Due to the government's project change, in addition to the social and parliamentary channels, the Council started to act through the judicial channel as well, moving from critical alignment to outright opposition until its neutralization, with the Council's participation boycott in the health policy agenda discussions in the period 2016-2017. Although it did not have enough power to change the balance of forces surrounding the deconstruction of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), the Council was part of a political bloc of resistance and confrontation in defense of the constitutional SUS. (AU)

"O médico brasileiro sabe como tratar a Covid-19": sentidos de autonomia médica na pandemia / "The Brazilian doctor knows how to treat Covid-19": meanings of medical autonomy in the pandemic / "El médico brasileño sabe cómo tratar el Covid-19": sentidos de la autonomía médica en la pandemia

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 teve início no Brasil em março de 2020. Desde então, há diversas divergências e disputas, entre profissionais de saúde, pesquisadores e entidades regulamentadoras, sobre tratamentos prescritos para essa infecção. Diante desse cenário, esta nota se propõe a discutir a autonomia médica na conjuntura descrita, com base em documentos oficiais do Conselho Federal de Medicina brasileiro, produzidos entre 2020 e 2021, considerando as possibilidades terapêuticas mencionadas. Como resultado, foram obtidos três documentos oficiais que evidenciam como única forma de 'autonomia' a 'autonomia médica', enquanto a 'autonomia do paciente' não é evidenciada no que tange à adoção de terapêuticas. Não observamos discussões nos documentos sobre o princípio bioético da não maleficência e o da própria autonomia. Desta forma, percebe-se que a valorização da 'autonomia médica', sem considerar os saberes/fazeres dos pacientes e, tampouco, os achados científicos, pode promover equívocos e ferir princípios do fazer médico.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic began in Brazil in March 2020. Since then, there have been several disagreements and disputes between health professionals, researchers and regulatory bodies about prescribed treatments for this infection. Given this scenario, this note proposes to discuss medical autonomy in the described context, based on official documents of the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine, produced between 2020 and 2021, considering the mentioned therapeutic possibilities. As a result, three official documents were obtained that show that the only form of 'autonomy' is 'medical autonomy', while the 'patient autonomy' is not evidenced in terms of the adoption of therapies. We did not observe discussions in the documents about the bioethical principle of non-maleficence and that of autonomy itself. In this way, it can be seen that the appreciation of 'medical autonomy', without considering the knowledge/doings of patients, nor the scientific findings, can promote misunderstandings and harm the principles of medical practice.

Resumen La pandemia de Covid-19 comenzó en Brasil en marzo de 2020. Desde entonces, ha habido varios desacuerdos y disputas - entre profesionales de la salud, investigadores y organismos reguladores - sobre los tratamientos prescritos para esta infección. Ante ese escenario, esta nota se propone discutir la autonomía médica en el contexto descrito, a partir de documentos oficiales del Consejo Federal de Medicina de Brasil, producidos entre 2020 y 2021, considerando las posibilidades terapéuticas mencionadas. Como resultado, se obtuvieron tres documentos oficiales que muestran que la única forma de 'autonomía' es la 'autonomía médica', mientras que la 'autonomía del paciente' no se evidencia en cuanto a la adopción de terapias. No observamos discusiones en los documentos sobre el principio bioético de no maleficencia y el de la propia autonomía. De esta forma, se ve que la apreciación de la 'autonomía médica', sin considerar los saberes/haceres de los pacientes y, tampoco, los hallazgos científicos, puede promover malentendidos y herir los principios del hacer médico.

Health Council of the Netherlands and evaluation of the fifth generation, 5G, for wireless communication and cancer risks.

Currently the fifth generation, 5G, for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide. Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation. In September 2017, a letter was sent to the European Union asking for a moratorium on the deployment until scientific evaluation has been made on potential health risks (http://www.5Gappeal.eu). This appeal has had little success. The Health Council of the Netherlands released on September 2, 2020 their evaluation on 5G and health. It was largely based on a World Health Organization draft and report by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, both criticized for not being impartial. The guidelines by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection were recommended to be used, although they have been considered to be insufficient to protect against health hazards (http://www.emfscientist.org). The Health Council Committee recommended not to use the 26 GHz frequency band until health risks have been studied. For lower frequencies, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines were recommended. The conclusion that there is no reason to stop the use of lower frequencies for 5G is not justified by current evidence on cancer risks as commented in this article. A moratorium is urgently needed on the implementation of 5G for wireless communication.

Epistemic in/justice in patient participation. A discourse analysis of the Dutch ME/CFS Health Council advisory process.

In healthcare settings, patient participation is increasingly adopted as a possible remedy to ill people suffering from 'epistemic injustices' - that is to their unfair harming as knowers. In exploring and interpreting patient participation discourses within the 2013-2018 Dutch Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Health Council advisory process, this paper assesses the epistemological emancipatory value of this participatory practice. It reveals that in the analysed case, patient representatives predominantly offer biomedical knowledge about ME/CFS. They frame this condition as primarily somatic, and accordingly, perceive appropriate diagnostic criteria, research avenues and treatment options as quantifiable, objectifiable and explicitly non-psychogenic. This paper argues that such a dominant biomedical patient participatory practice is ambiguous in terms of its ability to correct epistemic injustices towards ill people. Biomedicalized patient participation may enhance people's credibility and their ability to make sense of their illness, but it may also undermine their valid position within participatory practices as well as lead to (sustaining) biased and reductive ideas about who ill people are and what kind of knowledge they hold. The final section of this paper offers a brief reflection on how to navigate such biomedicalized participatory practices in order to attain more emancipatory ones.

Os conselhos de saúde e a publicização dos instrumentos de gestão do SUS: uma análise dos portais das capitais brasileiras / Health councils and dissemination of SUS management instruments: an analysis of portals in Brazilian capitals

Resumo Coparticipantes na atuação, planejamento e controle da execução de políticas públicas, os conselhos de saúde constituem espaços públicos que objetivam a participação e o controle social das ações em saúde que dizem respeito à coletividade. O acesso à informação é uma condição imprescindível para que não só conselheiros, mas a sociedade civil como um todo, possa propor, monitorar e avaliar as ações empreendidas na área da saúde. A partir desse entendimento e da orientação advinda da Lei 141/2012 sobre dar visibilidade aos instrumentos de gestão do SUS, o presente estudo buscou verificar como os portais das prefeituras das capitais brasileiras têm divulgado seus conselhos de saúde e os instrumentos necessários para a análise, o monitoramento e o acompanhamento da política de saúde. Apesar de recomendada por lei, a pesquisa mostrou que a publicidade é dada de distintas maneiras pelas capitais. Apenas 14% dos portais investigados disponibilizam nas páginas dos conselhos os instrumentos de gestão do SUS e 33% deles não divulgam nem informações sobre o conselho nem sobre os instrumentos de gestão. A ausência de tais conteúdos pode levar ao enfraquecimento da institucionalidade do conselho e, com isso, da própria democracia participativa.

Abstract Coparticipants in the performance, planning, and control of public policies' implementation, Health Councils are public spaces aiming at the participation and social control of health actions concerning the community. Access to information is a crucial condition so that not only advisers but also civil society can propose, monitor, and evaluate the actions taken in health. Based on this understanding and the guidance provided by Law N° 141/2012 on the visibility of SUS management instruments, this study aimed to verify how the municipal portals of Brazilian capitals have disseminated their Health Councils and the necessary instruments for analyzing, monitoring, and following-up on the health policy. While recommended by law, the research showed that dissemination occurs differently between capitals. Only 14% of the investigated portals make SUS management instruments available on the council pages, and 33% do not disclose information about the council or management instruments. The lack of such content can weaken the council's institutionality and, ultimately, participatory democracy itself.

Moving towards hepatitis B elimination in Gulf Health Council states: From commitment to action.

INTRODUCTION: In 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted the hepatitis B (HB) elimination strategy that aims at ending HB by 2030. In this descriptive review we provide the progress made and challenges to achieving hepatitis B elimination by 2030 in Gulf Health Cooperated (GHC) states. METHODS: Data record from relevant online databases and reliable resources were reviewed until the end of 2017. The analysis was based on the core indicators of the WHO monitoring and evaluation framework for viral hepatitis B and the targets of the global health sector strategy by 2016‒2021. RESULTS: The states introduced HB vaccination, including birth-dose for those under 5 years old, with global coverage of more than 95%, in order to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. The prevalence of HB antigens declined in children under age 5 to less than 1%. However, the rate of vaccination among the most-at-risk populations remains suboptimal. All states have implemented safe blood transfusions and injection safety policies as well as universal laboratory-based surveillance for acute HB. However, surveillance for chronic HB and sequelae as well as estimation methods of morbidity and mortality to evaluate impact are not established. Similarly, harm reduction for people who inject drugs and testing and treatment policies and protocols for people with chronic HB are suboptimal. CONCLUSIONS: Additional steps are required to strengthen immunisation among the most-at-risk populations, maintain high quality surveillance, use antiviral therapy to treat chronic HBV and stop unsafe injection practices for drug users. Establishing country-specific national hepatitis responses based on country priorities as well as the capacity of the home health sectors to address these needs are paramount. Achieving elimination targets will require a radical alteration in the current hepatitis response and this goal should be elevated to a higher priority in the public health arena.

Democracia e saúde: condicionantes da efetividade deliberativa de um conselho municipal de saúde no sul do Brasil / Democracy and health: conditioning factors of the deliberative effectiveness of a municipal health council in southern Brazil / Democracia y salud: condicionantes de la efectividad deliberativa de un consejo municipal de salud en el sur de Brasil

Resumo Este artigo buscou avaliar a efetividade deliberativa em um conselho municipal de saúde, com o intuito de produzir informações que contribuam para o aprimoramento da democracia deliberativa. Trata-se de estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, sobre o Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Criciúma, Santa Catarina. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2018 com base nas seguintes estratégias: observação participante, 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Os dados organizados e sistematizados resultaram em três categorias temáticas, quais sejam: funcionamento; relações de poder entre Estado e Sociedade Civil; e questões conflituosas. Como resultado, constatou-se que os princípios da igualdade de participação, da igualdade deliberativa, da liberdade de pensamento, bem como da pluralidade da composição, os temas discutidos, as normas para a definição da pauta e para a ocupação da presidência tornam este fórum colegiado mais democrático. Todavia o princípio da inclusão deliberativa é prejudicado por questões relativas à divergência de interesses, sobremaneira, os interesses pessoais e políticos em detrimento aos interesses coletivos, sendo esse o maior obstáculo relacionado à efetividade deliberativa. Neste cenário, evidencia-se a importância de informar e conscientizar os conselheiros, a fim de ampliar a capacidade de intervenção no campo ético, político e de conhecimento no campo da democracia e da saúde.

Abstract This article sought to evaluate the deliberative effectiveness in a municipal health council, in order to produce information that contributes to the improvement of the deliberative democracy. This is a case study, with a qualitative approach, about the Municipal Health Council of Criciúma, Brazil. Data collection was performed in 2018 based on the following strategies: participant observation, 12 semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The organized and systematized data resulted in three thematic categories, namely: functioning; power relations between the State and Civil Society; and conflicting issues. As a result, it was found that the principles of equal participation, deliberative equality, freedom of thought, as well as plurality of composition, the topics discussed, the rules for defining the agenda and for the occupation of the presidency make this forum more democratic collegiate body. However, the principle of deliberative inclusion is undermined by issues related to the divergence of interests, especially personal and political interests to the detriment of collective interests, which is the biggest obstacle related to deliberative effectiveness. In this scenario, the importance of informing and raising awareness among councilors is evident, in order to expand the capacity for intervention in the ethical, political and knowledge fields in the field of democracy and health.

Resumen Este artículo trató de evaluar la efectividad deliberativa de un consejo municipal de salud, con el objetivo de producir información que contribuya para mejorar la democracia deliberativa. Se trata de un estudio de caso, de abordaje cualitativo, sobre el Consejo Municipal de Salud de Criciúma, Brasil. La recolección de datos se realizo em 2018 teniendo como base las siguientes estrategias: observación participante, 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis de los participantes. Los datos organizados y sistematizados resultaron en tres categorías temáticas: funcionamiento; relaciones de poder entre Estado y Sociedad Civil; y asuntos conflictivos. Como resultado, se constató que los principios de igualdad de participación, de la igualdad deliberativa, de la libertad de pensamiento, así como el de la pluralidad de la composición, los temas discutidos, las normas para la definición de la pauta y para la ocupación de la presidencia transforman a este foro colegiado más democrático. Sin embargo el principio de inclusión deliberativa está perjudicado por asuntos relativos a la divergencia de intereses, sobremanera, los intereses personales y políticos en detrimiento de los intereses colectivos siendo ese el mayor obstáculo relacionado a la efectividad deliberativa. En este escenario, se evidencia la importancia de informar y concientizar a los consejeros, con el fin de ampliar la capacidad de intervención en el campo ético, político y de conocimiento en el campo de la democracia y de la salud.

A accountability das Organizações Sociais no SUS: uma análise do papel institucional do Conselho Estadual de Saúde em Pernambuco / The Social Organizations' accountability in SUS: an analysis of the institutional role of the State Health Council in Pernambuco

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos integrantes dos órgãos de controles interno e externo da gestão pública, acerca do papel do Conselho Estadual de Saúde na accountability das Organizações Sociais em Saúde. Trata-se de estudo analítico, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, com amostra intencional. Dez atores-chave responsáveis pelos mecanismos dos controles interno e externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foram selecionados. Os dados revelaram o papel do Conselho em relação às Organizações Sociais em Saúde, que consiste em fiscalizar a gestão dessas organizações como representantes da sociedade. Agir de forma transparente, bem como viabilizar a prestação de contas das Organizações Sociais com linguagem adequada para os integrantes do Conselho, além da independência política e liberdade para fiscalização das ações de saúde, são premissas que devem ser atendidas para que o processo de acompanhamento seja mais efetivo e propositivo na visão desses atores institucionais.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the perception of the members of the internal and external control organs of public management, about the role of the State Health Council in the accountability of the Social Organizations in Health. This is an analytical study with a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews, with intentional sample. Ten key actors responsible for the internal and external control mechanisms of the Unified Health System [SUS] were selected. Data revealed the role of the State Health Council in relation to the Social Organizations, which is to oversee the management of these organizations as a representative of society. The need to act in a transparent manner and to enable the provision of Social Organizations in Health's records with adequate language for the members of the Council, besides political independence and freedom to supervise health actions are premises that must be met in order for the monitoring process to be more effective and proactive in the eyes of these institutional actors.

A Content Analysis of Patient Advocacy Organization Policies Addressing Institutional Conflicts of Interest.

Introduction: Patient advocacy organizations (PAOs) provide patient education, raise public awareness, and influence health policy for a wide range of diseases. These organizations frequently receive financial support form from drug, device, and biotechnology companies. Though PAOs often develop policies to address institutional conflicts of interest arising from industry relations, little is known about the substance of these policies. Methods: We sampled all PAOs that are members of the National Health Council. Using a standardized search strategy, all policies were obtained from each organization if publicly available. We reviewed policies for content related to restrictions on corporate partnerships, disclosure of corporate funding, and governance and monitoring of corporate partnerships. Results: We found that 24 of 47 (51%) organizations had policies that addressed institutional conflict of interest. A total of 9 of those 24 (38%) policies placed any restriction on the types of corporations that the PAO would or would not partner with. While 16 of the 24 (67%) outlined some process for disclosure of the organization's corporate donors, only 5 of 24 (21%) specified a manner for disclosing the financial value of those donations. Further, 15 of the 24 (63%) policies identified the person or persons responsible for approving corporate partnerships. However, 17 (71%) failed to address or specify the person(s) responsible for ongoing review of those partnerships. Conclusion: Nearly half of the organizations studied did not have publicly available conflict of interest policies. Among those that did, few policies had a substantial level of detail or limitations to guard against conflicts of interest.

Cost-effectiveness analysis on elderly pneumococcal vaccination in the Netherlands: Challenging the Dutch Health Council's advice.

Recently, the Dutch Health Council advised on elderly pneumococcal vaccination favouring the conventional polysaccharide vaccine over the novel conjugated vaccine. This advice was strongly inspired by a cost-effectiveness analysis considered to show favourable outcomes for the polysaccharide but not for the conjugated vaccine. We argue that using the same data and methods as presented by the Health Council, a different perspective on the results leads to a conclusion that not only the polysaccharide but also the conjugated pneumococcal vaccine is cost-effective. Our alternative perspective concerns the use of realistic vaccine prices, and applying an adequate time horizon for cost-effectiveness modelling. Notably, for one-off vaccination of 65-years old elderly, in all investigated analyses, also the conjugated vaccine seems cost-effective; i.e. well below the threshold of €20,000 per quality-adjusted life year, reflecting the most stringent threshold used for vaccines in the Netherlands.

15a Conferência Nacional de Saúde: um estudo de caso / 15th National Health Conference: a case study

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a participação do Conselho Nacional na construção e realização da 15ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde (CNS), bem como os principais componentes desse evento, o desenho institucional, no que se refere a sua dinâmica participativa, e as propostas e diretrizes aprovadas, e relacionar esse fenômeno político à conjuntura brasileira. Este estudo de caso sobre a 15ª CNS teve como fonte de produção de dados entrevistas com 27 conselheiros nacionais e a revisão documental de atas, notícias e outras fontes do Conselho relacionadas à 15ª Conferência. O Conselho Nacional desenvolveu estratégias para politizar a elaboração das diretrizes e intensificou a participação da sociedade por meio das conferências livres. O debate em torno da saúde em 2015 envolveu milhares de pessoas no país - afinal, foram realizadas 4.706 conferências municipais, 26 estaduais, a conferência distrital e a nacional. As principais pautas da 15ª Conferência foram a defesa da democracia e o financiamento público da saúde. A 15ª CNS ainda prevaleceu com o formato burocrático. Além das inovações na forma das conferências, é necessário ampliar a permeabilidade dos tomadores de decisão à participação social e democratizar o processo de planejamento e a gestão em saúde.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the participation of the National Council in the construction and realization of the 15th National Health Conference (CNS), as well as the main components of this event, the institutional design regarding its participatory dynamics, and the approved proposals and guidelines, relating this political phenomenon to the Brazilian context. This case study on the 15th CNS had, as data sources, the interviews with 27 national counselors and the documentary review of minutes, news and other sources of the Council related to the 15th Conference. The National Council developed strategies to politicize the elaboration of guidelines and intensified society participation through free conferences. The Health debate in 2015 involved thousands of people in the country - after all, 4,706 municipal and 26 state, district and national conferences were held. The main agendas of the 15th Conference were the defense of democracy and the public financing of health. Nonetheless, the bureaucratic format still prevailed in the 15th CNS. In addition to innovations in the form of conferences, one must increase the permeability of decision-makers to social participation and democratize the health planning and management process.

Percepção de conselheiros de saúde acerca do tema agrotóxicos: o papel da participação social em uma sociedade que adoece / Perception of health advisors on pesticides: the role of social participation in a sick society

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a percepção de conselheiros de saúde sobre o tema dos agrotóxicos. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando, para a coleta de dados, a técnica de grupo focal e, para a interpretação dos resultados, a análise de discurso de abordagem francesa. Foram realizados dois grupos com conselheiros membros de três Conselhos Locais de Saúde de Curitiba (PR). Na percepção dos grupos, o agrotóxico foi relacionado a veneno, mas também a uma necessidade econômica. Os grupos reconhecem o impacto dos agrotóxicos na saúde e no ambiente - no entanto, destacam que seu uso é necessário para garantir a produção agrícola. A temática, até o momento, não havia sido abordada em reuniões dos conselhos de saúde, e seus membros relataram não se sentir empoderados para a discussão, não se percebendo como sujeitos de transformação. Diante desse cenário, é necessário propor ações que possibilitem o debate e problematizem as situações-limite, visando a assunção dos conselheiros como sujeitos, de modo a promover a compreensão da realidade para uma atuação mais crítica e transformadora.

Abstract This study aimed to know the perception of health advisors on pesticides. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, using the focal group technique for data collection and French discourse analysis for the interpretation of results. Two groups were defined with members of three Local Health Councils of Curitiba-PR. In the perception of the groups, pesticide was related to poison, but was also considered an economic necessity. The groups recognize the impact of agrochemicals on health and the environment; however, they point out that their use is necessary to ensure agricultural production. The topic of pesticides has not been addressed at the health council meetings, and its members have reported not feeling empowered enough to discuss this issue, not perceiving themselves as subjects of transformation. Given this scenario, it is necessary to propose actions that allow the debate and problematize situations-limits, aiming to assume counselors as subjects in order to promote the understanding of reality for a more critical and transformative action.

The role of whole genome sequencing in monitoring antimicrobial resistance: A biosafety and public health priority in the Arabian Peninsula.

The recent declaration by the United Nations to establish an interagency coordination group (IACG) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emphasises the global nature of the AMR threat. Rapid dissemination and spread of AMR is exacerbated by the movements of humans, animals, foods and materials. International monitoring and surveillance of AMR indicates to policy makers, regulators and auditors the magnitude of the problem and also informs appropriate and mindful interventions that will impact public health policy and mitigate AMR. Identifying the drivers of AMR requires a 'one-health' approach to capture cross-sectoral utilization, phenotypic and genetic data. Capacity building in diagnostic and reference laboratories is required for traditional phenotypic testing as well as newer technologies (e.g. whole genome sequencing, WGS), in order to enhance the detection, characterisation, tracking and surveillance of AMR. The Gulf Health Council (GHC) for the cooperation council states have developed national AMR plans and will standardise pathogen identification and susceptibility testing to gain useful, reliable and comparable data. Additional plans are to establish, for the region, a state-of-the-art 'one-health' WGS service to identify and examine emerging AMR issues as well as the associated healthcare and financial burden(s). Currently, there is a paucity of WGS based research for tackling AMR challenges in the GHC countries. In this article, we have considered the current surveillance landscape and the potential role of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in the Arabian Peninsula. We highlighted the importance of using WGS for monitoring AMR in these countries as there remains a dearth of microbial genomic data and studies from the GHC countries. Development of WGS-based AMR surveillance is required to identify the burden and prevalence of AMR in the GHC countries.

Reflections and collective production about being a municipal health counselor / Reflexiones y producción colectiva sobre "ser" consejero municipal de salud / Reflexões e produção coletiva sobre o "ser" conselheiro municipal de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the participation dynamics of a municipal council and to develop a critical-reflexive process on "being a counselor", identifying weaknesses and possibilities of this council, in addition to collectively generating new knowledge and (re)elaborating the MHC Ordinary Law. Method: Convergent care research, including documentary analysis, non-participant observation and thematic workshops. The research was carried out in 2016, with municipal health counselors from a city in the Western Region of Santa Catarina. Results: this study made it possible to identify forms of social participation that should be strengthened in the performance of social power, to reflect and share individual experiences, to anchor them in the current legislation, and to build knowledge that enabled the elaboration/organization of a product - a new text for the Ordinary Law of the Council, adjusted to current legislation. Final considerations: There is a need to increase participation, considering the presence of the counselors in the meetings, the effective representation and a greater interaction in the discussions and deliberations of the council.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la dinámica participativa de un consejo municipal de salud mediante el desarrollo de un proceso crítico-reflexivo sobre "ser consejero", señalando las fragilidades y posibilidades de este colegiado, además de generar, colectivamente, nuevos saberes y la (re)elaboración de la Ley Ordinaria del CMS. Método: se trata de una investigación convergente asistencial, incluyendo análisis documental, observación no participante y talleres temáticos. La investigación se llevó a cabo en 2016, con consejeros municipales de salud de un municipio de la Región Oeste de Santa Catarina. Resultados: este estudio permitió compartir y reflexionar acerca de experiencias individuales e identificó diversas formas de participación social que deberían fortalecerse en el ejercicio del control social al insertarlas en la legislación vigente con el intuito de construir conocimientos, lo que posibilitó la elaboración/organización de un producto - readecuación de la Ley Ordinaria del consejo a la legislación vigente. Consideraciones finales: se hace necesario ampliar la participación, considerando la presencia de los consejeros en las reuniones con una representación eficaz y una intervención más amplia en las discusiones y deliberaciones del consejo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a dinâmica participativa de um conselho municipal de saúde, com o desenvolvimento de processo crítico-reflexivo sobre o "ser conselheiro", apontando fragilidades e possibilidades desse colegiado, além de gerar coletivamente novos saberes e a (re)elaboração da Lei Ordinária do CMS. Método: Pesquisa convergente assistencial, incluindo análise documental, observação não participante e oficinas temáticas. A pesquisa foi em 2016, com conselheiros municipais de saúde de um município da Região Oeste de Santa Catarina. Resultados: Este estudo possibilitou identificar formas de participação social a serem fortalecidas no exercício do controle social, compartilhar e refletir sobre as experiências individuais, ancorá-las na legislação vigente e construir conhecimentos que oportunizaram a elaboração/organização de um produto - readequação da Lei Ordinária do conselho à legislação vigente. Considerações finais: Pontua-se a necessidade de ampliar a participação, considerando a presença dos conselheiros nas reuniões, a representação efetiva e a sua maior interação nas discussões e deliberações do conselho.